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|image_map_caption =
|national_motto = [[Nemo me impune lacessit]]<br>([[Latin]]: No one strikes me with impunity)''
|capital = [[Edinburgh]]&sup1;¹
|common_languages = [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], [[Scots language|Scots]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Scotland|King/Queen]]
|leader1 = [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]]
|year_leader1= [[843-]]–[[860]]
|leader2= [[James I of England|James VI]]
|year_leader2=1587–1625[[1587]]–[[1625]]
|leader3= [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]]
|year_leader3= [[1702-]]–[[1714]]
|legislature=Parliament of Scotland
|stat_year1=
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|stat_pop1 =
|currency = Pound Scots
|footnotes=&sup1;¹ By the early modern era established at Edinburgh, and efore that [[Scone]] &and various.
}}
 
: ''This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland ([[843-]]–[[1707]]). For information about the modern country, see the main article: '''[[Scotland]]'''.''
 
The '''Kingdom of Scotland''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language{{lang-gd|Gaelic]]: ''Rìoghachd na h-Alba''}}) was a [[state]] located in [[Western Europe]], in the northern third of the island of [[Great Britain]]. It existed from [[843]] until the [[Acts of Union 1707]] which united it with the [[Kingdom of England]] ([[927-]]–[[1707]]) to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] ([[1707-]]–[[1800]]). Its population in 1700 was approximately 1.1 million.
 
==Government==
{{main|Parliament of Scotland|Monarchs of Scotland}}
 
The political structure of Scotland was historically complex. However, during most of the existence of the Kingdom of the Scots, a single Monarch, or [[High King]] was recognized. Under the [[suzerainty]] of a High King, were [[Scottish clan|chieftains]] and [[petty kings]] and offices filled through selection by an [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] under a system known as [[tanistry]] which combined a [[hereditary]] element with the consent of those ruled. Usually the candidate was nominated by the current office holder on the approach of death, and his heir-elect was known as the tanist, from the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] ''{{lang|gd|tanaiste}}''. After [[Macbeth I of Scotland|Macbeth]] was overthrown by [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland|Máel Coluim III]] in [[1057]] and during the reign of King [[David I of Scotland|David I]] the influence of [[Normans|Norman]] settlers in Scotland saw [[primogeniture]] adopted as the means of succession in Scotland as in much of Western Europe and saw the development of a 'hybrid kingdom', one part of which was governed by a mixture of a [[feudal]] government and [[Celt]]ic custom. These early assemblies cannot be considered 'parliaments' in the later sense of the word.
 
Originally, Scots owed their allegiance primarily to their Clan chieftain or the laird, thus the High King consistently had to keep them in favorable dispositions, or else risk armed conflict.
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The [[Parliament of Scotland]], was the legislature. The members were collectively referred to as the [[Estates of the realm|"Three Estates"]] for nearly all of parliament's history: composed of the first estate of prelates (bishops and abbots), the second estate of lords (dukes, earls, parliamentary peers and lay tenants-in-chief) and the third estate of burgh commissioners. From the [[sixteenth century]] the second estate was reorganised by the selection of shire commissioners. This has been argued to have created a 'fourth estate', while a 'fifth estate' of royal office holders has also been identified. These identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'. The Parliament was a unicameral assembly.
 
The Scottish parliament is first found on record during the early [[thirteenth century]], and the first meeting for which reliable evidence survives (referred to, like the English parliament, as a ''[[colloquium]]'' in the surviving Latin records) was at [[Kirkliston]] in [[1235]] during the reign of [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]. The two most powerful periods of the Scottish Parliament's existence can be defined as [[1639]]–[[1651|51]] and [[1689]]–[[1707]]. During the era of [[Covenanter|Covenanting control]], the Scottish Parliament emerged as a mature political and institutional forum and was one of the most powerful assemblies in Europe. Drawing on the Scottish Constitutional Settlement of [[1640]]–[[1641|41]], a programme of constitutional reform was renewed from [[1689]], when it passed the [[Claim of Right]], onwards (shortly after a similar reform in England, with which Scotland was in [[personal union]]). The last session sat on [[25 May]], [[1707]].
 
==History==
[[Image:Alexander III and Ollamh Rígh.JPG|thumb|300px|Coronation of [[Alexander III of Scotland|King Alexander]] on [[Moot Hill]], [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]], the ancient capital and coronation site of the Scottish kings. He is being greeted by the ''{{lang|gd|ollamh rígh}}'', the royal poet, who is addressing him with the proclamation "Benach De Re Albanne" (= ''{{lang|gd|Beannachd Dé Rígh Alban}}'', "God Bless the King of Scotland"); the poet goes on to recite Alexander's genealogy.]]
:''Main article: [[{{main|History of Scotland]]}}
The Kingdom of Scotland was united in [[843]], by King [[Cináed I of Scotland]]. Over the next 850 years it developed its own legal and educational systems- — which still exist today- — as well as a separate [[Pound Scots|monetary]] and [[Obsolete Scottish units of measurement|measures]] systems. At first the kingdom was confined to the area north of the Rivers [[River Forth|Forth]] and [[River Clyde|Clyde]]. Southwest Scotland remained under the control of the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] [[Brython|Britons]]. Southeast Scotland was under the control from around [[638]] of the proto-English kingdom of [[Bernicia]], then of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. This part of Scotland was contested from the time of [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] and finally fell into Scottish hands in [[1018]], when [[Máel Coluim II of Scotland|Máel Coluim II]] pushed the border as far south as the [[River Tweed]]. This remains the south-eastern border to this day (except around [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]).
 
In [[1263]] Scotland and [[Norway]] fought the [[Battle of Largs]] for control over the [[Western Isles]]. The battle was indecisive, but the campaign proved once and for all that the [[Norsemen|Norse]] were unable to retain effective control over the distant Isles. In [[1266]] the Norwegian king [[Magnus VI of Norway]] signed the [[Treaty of Perth]], which acknowledged Scottish suzerainty over the islands. Despite the treaty the practical independence of the [[Lord of the Isles]] continued.
 
The [[Auld Alliance]] was an important alliance between Scotland and [[France]]. It dates from the treaty signed by [[John Balliol]] and [[Philip IV of France]], in [[1295]] It played a varying but sometimes large role in Franco-Scottish (and [[Kingdom of England|English]] affairs), until [[1560]]. In [[1512]] under a treaty extending the Auld Alliance, all nationals of Scotland and France also became nationals of each other's countries, a status not repealed in France until [[1903]] and which may never have been repealed in Scotland.
 
<!-- [[Image:LufeGodAbufeAlAndYiNychtbourAsYiSelf JohnKnoxHouse200411 CopyrightKaihsuTai.jpg|250pxjp|thumb|right|[[John Knox House]] in [[Edinburgh]] built in [[1490]]]] -->
Scotland's kings placed great importance on the strategic stronghold of [[Stirling]], leading to the battles of [[battle of Stirling Bridge|Stirling Bridge]] and [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]] during the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]], when the historic figures of [[William Wallace]] and [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]] emerged. In [[1320]] a remonstrance to the [[Pope]] from the nobles of Scotland (the [[Declaration of Arbroath]]) finally convinced [[Pope John XXII]] to overturn the earlier [[excommunication]] and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties.
 
In [[1468]] the last great acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when [[James III of Scotland|James III]] married [[Margaret of Denmark]], receiving the [[Orkney Islands]] and the [[Shetland Islands]] in payment of her [[dowry]] and, in [[1493]], his son, [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]], successfully ended the quasi-independent rule of the [[Lord of the Isles]], bringing the Western Isles under effective Royal control for the first time.
 
James IV's reign is often considered to be a period of cultural flourishing, and it was around this period that the European [[Renaissance]] began to infiltrate Scotland. Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the [[fifteenth century]] with the founding of the [[University of St Andrews]] in [[1413]], the [[University of Glasgow]] in [[1450]] and the [[University of Aberdeen]] in [[1494]], and with the passing of the [[Education Act 1496]].
 
[[image:John Knox.jpg|left|300px|thumb|[[John Knox]]]]
During the [[16th century]], Scotland underwent a [[Protestant Reformation]]. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first [[Martin Luther]] and then [[John Calvin]] began to influence Scotland. The execution of a number of Protestant preachers, most notably the Lutheran influenced [[Patrick Hamilton (martyr)|Patrick Hamilton]] in [[1527]] and later the Calvinist [[George Wishart]] in [[1546]] who were burnt at the stake in [[St. Andrews]] by [[Cardinal Beaton]] for [[heresy]], did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Beaton was assassinated shortly after the execution of George Wishart.
 
The eventual Reformation of the Scottish Church, was carried out by Parliament from [[1560]] (during the minority of [[Mary Queen of Scots]]) when most Scots adopted [[Calvinism]]. The most influential figure was that of [[John Knox]], who had been a disciple of both John Calvin and George Wishart. [[Roman Catholicism]] was not totally eliminated, and remained strong particularly in parts of the [[Scottish highlands|highlands]].
 
[[Image:JamesIEngland.jpg|thumb|right[[James I of England|150px|'''James VI''']], <br><small>[[King of Scots]], [[King of England]], and [[King of Ireland]]</small>]]
In [[1603]] [[James I of England|James VI King of Scots]], became [[jamesJames I of England|King James I of England]] thus Scotland entered into a [[personal union]] with [[England]] and [[Ireland]]. The [[seventeenth century]] saw a period of unrest in Scotland, religious Confrontation in Scotland with [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who attempted to impose English-style [[Book of Common Prayer|prayer books]] on the Scottish church, led to the setting up of the [[National Covenant]], and later to the [[Bishops' Wars]], the [[Scottish Civil War]] and [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]. From [[1651]]-–[[1660|60]] Scotland was occupied by [[Oliver Cromwell]] army under [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]].
 
In [[1689]] the Dutch Prince William of Orange became [[William III of Orange|William II, King of Scots]]. Whilst the "[[Glorious Revolution]]" was primarily an English event, it had a great impact on Scottish history. The [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]] offered the [[Crown of Scotland]] which William accepted under the conditions of the ''[[Claim of Right]]'' (an important document in the evolution of the rule of law and the rights of subjects similar to the English [[Bill of Rights]]).
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Many Scots supported William, but many (particularly in the Highlands) remained sympathetic to James VII. His cause, which became known as [[Jacobitism]] from the [[Latin]] 'Jacobus', meaning 'James', spawned a series of uprisings. An initial Jacobite rising under [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee]] (''[[Bonnie Dundee]]'') defeated William's forces at the [[Battle of Killiecrankie]] in [[1689]], but Dundee was slain in the fighting, and the Jacobite army was soon defeated at the [[Battle of Dunkeld]]. The complete defeat of James VII in Ireland by William at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in [[1690]], followed by the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] in [[1692]], succeeded in finally persuading those remaining Highland [[Scottish clan|Clan]] Chieftains reluctant to pledge allegiance to William to reconsider their positions.
 
The late [[17th century]] was economically difficult for Scotland. The bad harvests of the ''seven ill years'' or ''lean years'' in the [[1690s]] led to severe famine and depopulation. English protectionism kept Scots traders out of the new colonies, and English foreign policy disrupted trade with France. As a result many Scots emigrated to [[Ulster]] (the [[Ulster-Scots]]). The Parliament of Scotland of [[1695]] enacted a number of remedies for the desperate economic situation, including setting up the [[Bank of Scotland]]. The ''Act for the Settling of Schools'' established a parish-based system of public education throughout Scotland. The [[Company of Scotland]] received a charter to raise capital through public subscription to trade with Africa and the Indies. By the early [[eighteenth century]], Scotland was a kingdom in crisis. Her economy had been severely weakened by a series of major harvest failures beginning. The ''lean years'' of the 1690s were compounded by the catastrophic failure of the [[Darien Scheme]], deliberately sabotaged by the combined efforts of the English [[British East India Company|East India Company]], the international financial markets at [[Amsterdam]] and King William, it is estimated that almost 25% of Scotland's total liquid capital was lost in the Darien venture.
 
==Union with England==
[[Image:ActsOfUnion1707-Painting.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Walter Thomas Monnington's 1925 painting called ''Parliamentary Union of England and Scotland 1707'' hangs in the [[Palace of Westminster]] depicting the official presentation of the law that formed the [[Kingdom of Great Britain.]]]]
Scotland's monarch, [[James I of England|James VI, King of Scots]], succeeded to the throne of the [[Kingdom of England]] in [[1603]], becoming [[James I of England|King James I of England]], after the death of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]]. This was merely a [[personal union]]: the two nations shared a [[head of state]] but retained their own separate parliaments and administration.
 
While there had been three earlier attempts (in [[1606]], [[1667]] and [[1689]]) to politically unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, these were the first Acts which had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons. In the English case, the purpose was to establish the Royal succession along [[Protestant]] lines in the same manner as provided for by the English [[Act of Settlement 1701]] rather than that of the Scottish [[Act of Security]]. In the Scottish case, the purpose was partly to use English subsidies to recover from the financial problems caused by the failure of the [[Darién scheme]] and partly to remove English trade sanctions put in place through the [[Alien Act]] to force the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scots Parliament]] into compliance with the Act of Settlement.
 
[[Image:Kingdom of Scotland Map.PNG|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Kingdom of Scotland in the [[16th century]]; note, until the later Middle Ages, the traditional capital of Scotland was at [[Scone, Perthshire|Scone]].]]
 
A major feature of English politics from [[1702]] to [[1707]] was the necessity of securing the Hanoverian Succession. The death of King William in 1702 resulted in the succession of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to the crowns of England and Scotland. Anne's last surviving child had died in [[1700]] and the English Act of Settlement had passed the English Succession over to the [[Protestant]] [[House of Hanover]]. Since it was unthinkable that Scotland and England should again have separate monarchs, the securing of the Hanoverian Succession in Scotland became the primary objective in English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By [[1703]] the Anglo-Scottish dynastic union, the [[Union of the Crowns]], was in crisis. The Scottish Parliament was pursuing both an independent dynastic and foreign policy and the Scottish Act of Security allowed for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of [[Kingdom of England|England]], if it so wished. Many in Scotland saw this as a desirable position given that the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] had executed [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] during the [[English Civil War]] without any reference to the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]], despite Charles also being [[King of Scots]]. This meant that the Act allowed for the Scottish Parliament to initiate an independent foreign policy during an era of major European warfare like the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and the [[Great Northern War]]. From the English political perspective, this opened up the possibilities of the restoration of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] on the Scottish throne or a Scottish trading and/or military alliance with another power in Europe like [[France]] or the [[Dutch Republic]]. Such an alignment could result in attacks from Scotland, [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and the continent and compromise English interests abroad. Hence the Scottish `problem' had to be neutralised and the Hanoverian Succession secured. ▼
 
The Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist on [[1 May]] [[1707]], following passage of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], which merged Scotland with England thereby creating the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. The Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send [[Peers and Parliament|representative peer]]s from the [[Peerage of Scotland]] to sit in the [[House of Lords]]. It guaranteed that the [[Church of Scotland]] would remain the established church in Scotland, that the [[Court of Session]] would "remain in all time coming within Scotland" and that [[Scots law]] would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] and the ban on [[Roman Catholics]] from taking the throne. It also created a [[customs union]] and [[monetary union]]. The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void."▼
 
▲A major feature of English politics from [[1702]] to [[1707]] was the necessity of securing the Hanoverian Succession. The death of King William in 1702 resulted in the succession of [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] to the crowns of England and Scotland. Anne's last surviving child had died in [[1700]] and the English Act of Settlement had passed the English Succession over to the [[Protestant]] [[House of Hanover]]. Since it was unthinkable that Scotland and England should again have separate monarchs, the securing of the Hanoverian Succession in Scotland became the primary objective in English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By [[1703]] the Anglo-Scottish dynastic union, the [[Union of the Crowns]], was in crisis. The Scottish Parliament was pursuing both an independent dynastic and foreign policy and the Scottish [[Act of Security]] allowed for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch to succeed to the Scottish crown from that of [[Kingdom of England|England]], if it so wished. Many in Scotland saw this as a desirable position given that the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] had executed [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] during the [[English Civil War]] without any reference to the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]], despite Charles also being [[King of Scots]]. This meant that the Act allowed for the Scottish Parliament to initiate an independent foreign policy during an era of major European warfare like the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and the [[Great Northern War]]. From the English political perspective, this opened up the possibilities of the restoration of a [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] on the Scottish throne or a Scottish trading and/or military alliance with another power in Europe like [[France]] or the [[Dutch Republic]]. Such an alignment could result in attacks from Scotland, [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and the continent and compromise English interests abroad. Hence the Scottish `problem' had to be neutralised and the Hanoverian Succession secured.
 
▲The Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist on [[1 May]] [[1707]], following passage of the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], which merged Scotland with England thereby creating the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. The Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send [[Peers and Parliament|representative peer]]s from the [[Peerage of Scotland]] to sit in the [[House of Lords]]. It guaranteed that the [[Church of Scotland]] would remain the established church in Scotland, that the [[Court of Session]] would "remain in all time coming within Scotland" and that [[Scots law]] would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]] and the ban on [[Roman Catholics]] from taking the throne. It also created a [[customs union]] and [[monetary union]]. The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void."
 
==References==
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<center>
{| class="wikitable"
| width="25%" align="center" |'''Kingdom of Scotland'''<br> <small>c''ca'' [[843]]-–[[1707]]</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br><small>[[1707]]-–[[1801]]</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br><small>[[1801]]-–[[1921]]</small>
| width="25%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br>[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]<br><small>since [[1921]]</small>
|}
Air a tharraing à "https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rìoghachd_na_h-Alba"