|
ATha '''pangram''' (on [[Greek languageGreugais|GreekGhreugais]]: παν γράμμα, ''pan gramma'', "everygach letter"litir) or '''holoalphabeticna abairt sentence''' fors a givenbheil [[alphabet]]gach islitir de chànan àraidh a' sentencenochdadh. usingMura everynochd lettergach oflitir theach alphabetdìreach ataon leastturas, 's e once''fìor phangram'' a chanar ris. PangramsTha haveiad beengu usedh-àraidh tocumanta displayan-diugh [[typeface]]s,ann testan equipment,clò-ghrafachd andgus developdreach skillsnan inlitrichean [[handwriting]],ann an [[calligraphycruth-clò]], anda keyboardingshealltainn. Some examples:
:* in English, "[[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog]]" (all 26 letters). ▼:* in Dutch, "Lynx c.q. vos prikt bh: dag zwemjuf! (perfect pangram: all 26 letters, containing 26 letters)) ▼:* in [[German language|German]], ''"Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich"'' (with every [[Trema (diacritic)|umlaut]] plus the [[ß]]). ▼:* in [[French language|French]], ''"Portez ce vieux whisky au juge blond qui fume"'' (all 26 letters). ▼:* in [[Turkish Language|Turkish]], ''"Pijamalı hasta yağız şoföre çabucak güvendi"'' (all 29 letters of the [[Turkish alphabet]]). ▼:* in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], ''"El veloz murciélago hindú comía feliz cardillo y kiwi. La cigüeña tocaba el saxofón detrás del palenque de paja."'' (all 27 letters and [[diacritic]]s). ▼:* in [[Russian language|Russian]], ''"Любя, съешь щипцы, — вздохнёт мэр, — кайф жгуч"'' (all 33 [[Cyrillic|Russian Cyrillic alphabet]] letters). ▼:* in [[Czech language|Czech]], ''"Nechť již hříšné saxofony ďáblů rozzvučí síň úděsnými tóny waltzu, tanga a quickstepu."'' (all 42 letters and [[diacritic]]s) ▼:* in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]], ''أبجد هوَّز حُطّي كلَمُن سَعْفَص قُرِشَت ثَخَدٌ ضَظَغ'' ▼
==Buill-eisimpleir==
The quick-brown-fox pangram, which has been used since at least the late 19th century, was utilized by [[Western Union]] to test [[Telegraphy#Telex|Telex]]/[[Telegraphy#TWX|TWX]] data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs (most notably the font viewer built into [[Microsoft Windows]]) to display computer fonts. The German ''Victor-jagt'' pangram, used since before 1800, contains all the letters, including the 3 [[Trema (diacritic)|umlaut]] letters: ä, ö, ü.
Ann an Gàidhlig tha ''Mus d'fhàg Cèit-Ùna ròp Ì le ob'' 'na bhall-eisimpleir de phangram.
===Cànain eile===
Short pangrams in English are more difficult to come up with and tend to use uncommon words because the English language uses some letters (especially vowels) much more frequently than others. Longer pangrams may afford more opportunity for humor, cleverness, or thoughtfulness.<ref>[http://rinkworks.com/words/pangrams.shtml "Fun with Words: Pangrams"]</ref> In a sense, the pangram is the opposite of the [[lipogram]], in which the aim is to omit one or more letters. A ''perfect pangram'' contains every letter of the alphabet only once and can be considered an [[anagram]] of the alphabet; it is the shortest possible pangram. An example is the phrase "Cwm fjord bank glyphs vext quiz". For more examples, see: [[List of pangrams]].
▲:* in English,[[Beurla]]: "[[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog]]" ( all 26gach letterslitir).
▲:* in Dutch,[[Duitsis]]: "Lynx c.q. vos prikt bh: dag zwemjuf! ( perfect pangram: all 26 letters, containing 26gach letters)litir)
== Variations ==
▲:* in [[ German language|GermanGearmailtis]] ,: ''"Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den großen Sylter Deich"'' ( withgach every [[Trema (diacritic)|umlaut]] plus the [[ß]]litir).
Sometimes, an alternate variation of a pangram is used to include more symbols in the total. A common example is, in English, "[[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog]]'s back" which includes an [[apostrophe]] by adding "dog's back" to the phrase.
▲:* in [[ French language|FrenchFraingis]] ,: ''"Portez ce vieux whisky au juge blond qui fume" '' ( all 26gach letterslitir).
▲:* in [[ Turkish Language|TurkishTurcais]] ,: ''"Pijamalı hasta yağız şoföre çabucak güvendi" '' ( allgach 29 letters of the [[Turkish alphabet]]litir) .
Exercises in [[touch-typing]] have used pangrams to reach every common key on a keyboard, similar to exercises using [[musical scale]]s which include every common note in a particular musical key.
▲:* in [[ Spanish language|SpanishSpàinntis]] ,: ''"El veloz murciélago hindú comía feliz cardillo y kiwi. La cigüeña tocaba el saxofón detrás del palenque de paja." '' ( allgach 27litir lettersis and [[diacritic]]sstràc) .
▲:* in [[ Russian language|RussianRuisis]] ,: '' "Любя, съешь щипцы, — вздохнёт мэр, — кайф жгуч "'' ( allgach 33 [[Cyrillic|Russian Cyrillic alphabet]]litir lettersChirileach).
== Ideographic scripts ==
▲:* in [[ Czech language|CzechSeicis]] ,: '' "Nechť již hříšné saxofony ďáblů rozzvučí síň úděsnými tóny waltzu, tanga a quickstepu. "'' ( allgach 42litir lettersis and [[diacritic]]sstràc)
▲:* in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]], ''أبجد هوَّز حُطّي كلَمُن سَعْفَص قُرِشَت ثَخَدٌ ضَظَغ''
Ideographic scripts, that is, writing systems composed principally of [[logogram]]s, cannot be used to produce pangrams in the literal sense, since they are radically different from alphabets or other phonetic [[writing system]]s. In such scripts, the total number of signs is large and imprecisely defined, so producing a text with every possible sign is impossible. However, various analogies to pangrams are feasible, including traditional pangrams in a [[romanization]]. In addition, it is possible to create pangrams that demonstrate certain aspects of ideographic characters.
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]:
** The [[Thousand Character Classic]] is a one-thousand-character poem in which each character is used exactly once, but it does not include all [[Chinese character]]s.
** The single character 永 (permanence) incorporates every basic stroke used to write Chinese characters exactly once, as described in the [[Eight Principles of Yong]].
== Self-enumerating pangrams ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Self-reference]] -->
A self-enumerating pangram, or a pangrammic [[autogram]], is one which describes exactly the number of letters it itself contains. The task of finding such a pangram is complicated because changing the description changes the numbers of letters used in the description. The most trivial discovery technique is the [[Brute-force search|generate and test]] technique.
This kind of pangram arose from some verbal horseplay between [[Douglas Hofstadter]], [[Rudy Kousbroek]] (a Dutch linguist and essayist) and [[Lee Sallows]] (a British electronics engineer). Hofstadter posed the problem of sentences that describe themselves, prompting Sallows to devise the following:
<blockquote>Only the fool would take trouble to verify that his sentence was composed of ten a's, three b's, four c's, four d's, forty-six e's, sixteen f's, four g's, thirteen h's, fifteen i's, two k's, nine l's, four m's, twenty-five n's, twenty-four o's, five p's, sixteen r's, forty-one s's, thirty-seven t's, ten u's, eight v's, eight w's, four x's, eleven y's, twenty-seven commas, twenty-three apostrophes, seven hyphens and, last but not least, a single !</blockquote>
This is not a complete pangram as it lacks a j, q, and z. Kousbroek published a Dutch equivalent, which spurred Sallows, who lives in the Netherlands and reads the paper where Kousbroek writes his essays, to think harder about this problem in order to solve it more generally. The Pangram Machine, as Sallows called his device, accepted a description of the initial sentence fragment and tried to fill in the blanks. The result was published in Scientific American in October 1984:
<blockquote>This Pangram contains four ''a''s, one ''b'', two ''c''s, one ''d'', thirty ''e''s, six ''f''s, five ''g''s, seven ''h''s, eleven ''i''s, one ''j'', one ''k'', two ''l''s, two ''m''s, eighteen ''n''s, fifteen ''o''s, two ''p''s, one ''q'', five ''r''s, twenty-seven ''s''s, eighteen ''t''s, two ''u''s, seven ''v''s, eight ''w''s, two ''x''s, three ''y''s, & one ''z''.</blockquote>
There are exhaustive lists online of self-enumerating sentences and thus also of certain pangrams, in English, Italian and Latin. These were computed using [[binary decision diagram]]s.
== Cultural references ==
The novel ''[[Ella Minnow Pea]]'' depicts a fictional country set off of the [[South Carolina]] coast that idealizes the "Quick Brown Fox" pangram and its inventor. The tale chronicles the effects on local literature and social structure as various letters are banned from daily use by government dictum.
== See also ==
{{Wiktionarypar|pangram}}
* [[List of pangrams]] in numerous languages
* [[Pangrammatic window]]
* [[Lipogram#Pangrammatic lipogram|Pangrammatic lipogram]]
* [[Lorem ipsum]]
* [[Heterogram]]
* [[Iroha]]
* [[Isogram]]
== References ==
==Eachdraidh==
{{reflist}}
Chaidh am fear Beurla, ''The quick-brown-fox'' a chleachdadh co-dhiù a-mach on 19mh linn le [[Western Union]] gus na loidhnichean telegraf a chur fo dheuchainn.
==Tùsan==
{{Typography terms}}
</references>
[[Category:Word playCànain]]
[[Category:PhrasesFaclan]]
[[Category:Word games]]
[[Category:Typography]]
[[ar:جامع حروف]]
| 