An diofar eadar na mùthaidhean a rinneadh air "Medellín"
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{{Dablink|For other uses, see [[Medellín (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Medellín
|settlement_type = City
|official_name = Municipio de Medellín
|motto =
|image_skyline = Centro de Medellin- Colombia.JPG
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = Downtown Medellín
|image_flag = Bandera de Medellin-Colombia.PNG
|image_seal = Escudo de Medellin.png
|image_map = MunsAntioquia Medellin.png
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of the city (urban in red) and municipality (dark gray) of Medellín in Antioquia Department.
|pushpin_map=Colombia
|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Colombia
|pushpin_mapsize=300
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Colombia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Departments of Colombia|Department]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]]
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Alonso Salazar Jaramillo]]
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = [[November 2]], [[1675]]
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 382
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 = 1152
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2005
|population_note =
|population_total = 2223078 ([[List of colombian municipalities by population|ranked 2nd]])
|population_density_km2 = 5320.75
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =3312165
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|timezone =
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=6|latm=14|lats=9.33|latNS=N
|longd=75|longm=34|longs=30.49|longEW=W
|elevation_m = 1495
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name = '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2006)
|blank_info = 0.808 – <span style="color:#090">high</span><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.veeduriamedellin.org.co/img_upload/9eab3531de2c5b3c94fe5391c9495b98/IDH_InversionPerCapitaMedellin2001_2004.xls|format=xls|accessdate=2009-01-26|language=Spanish|title=Veeduría Ciudadana al Plan de Desarrollo de Medellín IDH 2004-2007|author=Veeduría de Medellín}}</ref>
|website = [http://www.medellin.gov.co/ Government of Medellín official website]
|footnotes =
}}
'''Medellín''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: {{IPA|[með̞eˈʝin]}} or {{IPA|[með̞eˈʎin]}}), officially the ''Municipio de Medellín'' (Spanish) or ''Municipality of Medellín'', is the [[List of capitals and largest cities by country|second largest city]] in [[Colombia]]. It is in the [[Aburrá Valley]], one of the more northerly of the [[Andes]] in [[South America]]. It has a population of 2.4 million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helders|first=Stefan|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-55&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=World Gazetteer: Colombia: largest cities: calc 2006|accessdate=2006-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Rhett|year=2003|url=http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Colombia.htm|title=Largest cities in Colombia (2002)|accessdate=2006-06-15}}</ref> With its surrounding area, the [[Metropolitan Area of Medellín|metropolitan area of Medellín]] (''Area Metropolitana de Medellín'') it is the second largest settlement in Colombia in terms of population, with more than 3.2 million people, and ranks in population as the 95th of the [[world's largest urban agglomerations]].
Medellín was founded in 1616 by the [[Spain|Spaniard]] [[Francisco Herrera Y Campuzano]] as ''Poblado de San Lorenzo'' ([[Lawrence of Rome|Saint Lawrence]] Town) in what is known currently as [[El Poblado (Medellín)|''El Poblado'']]. In 1675 the [[queen consort]] [[Mariana of Austria]] created the ''Villa de Nuestra Señora de la [[Candelaria]]'' ("Town of [[Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)|Our Lady]] at Candelaria").
In 1826 the city was named the capital of the [[Department of Antioquia]] by the Spanish colonial administration. In 1803 the [[University of Antioquia]], one of the most prestigious in Colombia, was founded. After Colombia won its independence from [[Spain]], Medellín became the capital of the Federal State of Antioquia until 1888, with the proclamation of the [[Colombian Constitution of 1886]]. During the 19th century Medellín was a dynamic commercial center, first exporting [[gold]], then producing and exporting [[coffee]]. After the [[Thousand Days War]] (1899 — 1902), Medellín was the first Colombian city to take part in the [[Industrial Revolution]] with the opening of textile companies, and transport projects like railways that allowed its export business to develop, and the founding of several universities and vocational training institutions, which created a [[petite bourgeoisie]].
In the last quarter of the 20th century, Medellín became the headquarters of the infamous [[Pablo Escobar]], the leader of a vast criminal organization, who became the seventh richest man in the world of the drugs trade, according to a 1989 [[Forbes|Forbes Magazine's]] report.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cocaine.org/colombia/pablo-escobar.html|title = P. Escobar}}</ref> Because he and his associates based their business in Medellín, his organization was named the "[[Medellín Cartel]]" by the American media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rakontur.com/2006/10/27/cocaine-cowboys/|title=Cocaine Cowboys|accessdate=2008-05-04|dae=27 October 2006}}</ref> During the 1980s and 1990s, Escobar led a terrorist war against the Colombian government, partly to dissuade the authorities not to trying to extradite him to the United States. He was killed by police forces on December 2, 1993.
At the beginning of the 21st century the city regained its former industrial dynamism, with the construction of the [[Metro de Medellín]] [[Commuter rail|railway]], and liberalised development policies, improved security, improved education, and promoted the city internationally as a [[tourist destination]].
The Medellín Metropolitan Area is responsible for 67% of the [[Department of Antioquia]]'s [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and for 11% of the [[economy of Colombia]].<ref name="ProExport16">{{cite web|publisher = Proexport Colombia|url = http://www.proexport.com.co/VBeContent/NewsDetail.asp?ID=7658&IDCompany=16|title = Report on Medellín's Economy by 2005|quote = participation of the cities GDP by countries provided by the International Cooperation Agency of Medellín|accessdate = May 8, 2008}}</ref> Medellín is important to the region for its universities, academies, commerce, industry, science, health services, flower-growing, festivals and nightlife.
==Etymology of the name Medellín==
[[File:Diego Velázquez 032.jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Mariana of Austria]].]]
The original Spanish settlement had five names before its current one: Aburrá de los Yamesíes, San Lorenzo de Aburrá, San Lorenzo de Aná, Valle de San Bartolomé, and Villa de la Candelaria de Medellín.
The city is named after [[Medellín (Spain)|Medellín]], which is near [[Badajoz]] in [[Extremadura|Extremadura, Spain]]. The Spanish Medellín was founded in 75 BC by [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius]].<ref name="origin">{{cite web
|url = http://www.medellin.es/psituacion.htm
|title = Ayuntamiento de Medellín (España). Toponímicos de Medellín
|language = Spanish}}</ref>.
==
===Amerindians===
There is archaeological evidence of human settlement in the Aburrá Valley from 10,500 years ago, found by [[hunter]]s and [[collecting|collectors]]. The Spaniard conquerors of the valley found groups like the Aburrá, Yamesí, Pequé, Ebejico, Norisco, and Maní tribes who lived in the valley since about the fifth century. The Aburrá people gave their name to the valley. They were farmers who raised [[maize]], [[beans]] and [[cotton]], wove and decorated [[textile]]s, sold [[salt]], and were [[goldsmith]]s. Under Spanish rule, they lost their land and were subject to a feudal system of government. Many were sent to the mines. Sickness brought by the Europeans, as well as the hard work and mistreatment, caused their extinction, at least from the valley. People related to the Aburrá Valley tribes can still be found in other regions of Antioquia State, like [[Urabá Antioquia|Urabá]] and the western and southern regions.
===Spanish discovery of the valley===
[[File:Jorge Robledo-Busto-Medellin.JPG|thumb|left|110px|
===Growth
[[File:Iglesia de Nuestra Iglesia de la Candelaria-Mede.JPG|160px|thumb|right|
===During the Spanish colonial period===
[[File:Plano de Medellin 1791.jpg|thumb|left|100px|
{{clear}}
[[File:Iglesia La Veracruz-Fachada 2-Medellin.JPG|160px|thumb|right|[[Iglesia de la Veracruz (Medellín)|
In 1803 the Royal College of the Franciscans was founded in the Central Plaza (today Berrío Square) with Departments of Grammar, Philosophy]] and Theology.<ref>''Suramericana de Seguros'', History of Antioquia, Ed. Presencia Ltda, Medellín, 1988, without ISBN, in Spanish.</ref> Soon after, the College moved to a new building in the small San Ignacio square. In 1821 it was renamed Colegio de Antioquia, and it became the [[University of Antioquia]] in 1901. The University was also the home of the first vocational training school, the first cultural radio station in [[Latin America]], and the first regional [[botanical garden]]. Today it is known for developments in medicine, including [[organ transplant]]s.
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===Industrial revolution===
[[File:Estacion del Ferrocarril -Medellin.JPG|200 px|thumb|left|
Despite the importance of gold production in the early development of Medellín, it was [[coffee]] that made the city grow in the 20th century. Trade grew to international dimensions as the main export of Colombia became [[Coffee Production in Colombia|coffee]]. The industrial and commercial dynamism of Medellín also created also a caste of traders and entrepreneurs who founded the first nationwide industries in Colombia.<ref name="restrepo" /> During the 1930s, the textile industry was developed by families whose fortunes came from colonial-era gold mines. Glass, beverage, and food industries also were founded during the 1930s, and contributed to making Medellín the top industrial region of Colombia. Many of these businesses are still in existence, either with their original names or new names.
[[File:Coltejer-Medellin.jpg|right|thumb|200px|
====Trade
|last1=Savage|first1=Charles H., Jr.
|last2=Lombard|first2=George F. F.
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|publisher=[[MIT Press]]
|publication-date=1986
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|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/3105262
|title=Sons of the Machine: Case Studies of Social Change in the Workplace
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Savage died in 1973.
===Art and literature during the first part of the 20th century===
[[File:UNAL-Bloque M5-Facultad de Minas-Medellin.JPG|170px|thumb|left|Faculty of Mines of the National University of Colombia, Medellín branch.]]
The [[University of Antioquia]], the [[National University of Colombia]] with its Medellín branch, and the [[Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana]] have historically been the academic centers of the city and are responsible for the formation of an intellectual class in the region, with nationwide and international scope.
Arts and literature have been an important social element in Medellín. During the first part of the 20th century the city was part of the literary transition from [[romanticism]] to the modern art and literary movements of the new century. The writer [[Tomás Carrasquilla]] (1858 - 1940) focused on the people of his native Antioquia, accurately portraying their daily lives and customs. The writer and philosopher [[Fernando González (writer)|Fernando González]] from [[Envigado]] (in the metropolitan area of Medellín), the cartoonist [[Ricardo Rendón]] and the poet [[León de Greiff]] were some of the founders of ''Los Panidas'', a Medellín literary movement. Other featured poets and writers were [[Porfirio Barbajacob]] and [[Efe Gómez]]. In painting, the most famous were [[Eladio Vélez]] and [[Pedro Nel Gómez]]. [[Carlos Vieco Ortiz]] was a popular musician. Medellín became the headquarters of record labels like ''Sonolux'', ''Ondina'' and ''Silver''.<ref name="restrepo" />
Medellín clubs, many of them dating to the end of the 19th century, also became a center for intellectual and industrialist movements, like the ''Club Union'' (founded in 1894) and ''Club Campestre'' (founded in 1924). In 1909 the ''Circo España'' was created and ''Teatro Bolívar'', in 1919. The beautiful ''Teatro Junín'' was demolished to build the [[Coltejer Tower]]. ''Cine Colombia'', the first movie distributor of the country, was founded in Medellín in 1927.<ref name="restrepo" />
===Medellín Master Plan===
[[File:El Poblado Medellín(1).jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[El Poblado, Medellín|El Poblado]], a wealthy southern district, is one of the most important urban and economic centers of Colombia.]]
During the 1950s, industrialists, traders and local government created the "Medellín Master Plan" (MMP) (''Plan Piloto''), a plan for the expansion of the city into the Aburrá Valley that would lead to the creation of the first metropolitan area in Colombia. [[Paul Wiener]] and [[José Luis Sert]] were the architects who led the project. Among the main features of the MMP were the canalization of the [[Medellín River]], the control of new settlements on valley slopes, the creation of an industrial zone in the Guayabal District, the planning of the city to be in harmony with the river, the construction of a city stadium, and an administrative center in ''La Alpujarra''.<ref name="restrepo" />
However, Colombia had entered a new era of political instability with the murder of presidential candidate [[Jorge Eliecer Gaitán]] in [[El Bogotazo|Bogotá]] in 1949. Political violence spread in the rural areas of Colombia, and farmers fled to the cities. The population of Medellín grew quickly in the next few years. The Valley slopes became overpopulated with slums. In 1951 the city had 358,189 inhabitants, but 22 years later, in 1973, the population had trebled to 1,071,252.
This population explosion had several consequences for the MMP. The urban limits of the city grew to areas that were not contemplated in the MMP, so that Medellín now reached the urban areas of other cities of the Aburrá Valley, like [[Envigado]], [[Bello]] and [[Itagüí]]; the new Medellín settlers were poor families without enough credit to buy their own homes, so several neighborhoods were built beyond the MMP; several old downtown buildings were demolished to construct tall towers, offices and avenues. The beautiful and traditional Junin Theatre along the Santa Elena was demolished to build the Coltejer Tower. The huge migration into Medellín provided workers for the expansion of textile factories, being modernized at this period,<ref name="restrepo" /> but it also created new problems for the city: higher unemployment, lack of services for poor areas, urban violence in several districts, and collapse of any transport system. It was the perfect setting for the development of the [[mafia]] that plagued the city in the following decades, while the MMP had to wait for better times.
===Cultural life in the last decades===
[[File:La Raza de Rodrigo Arenas Betancur-Medellin.JPG|240 px|thumb|right|"La Raza" Monument, a work in bronze and concrete by [[Rodrigo Arenas|Rodrigo Arenas Betancur]], 124 feet tall. It is located in La Alpujarra Administrative Centre.]]
The 1950s saw in a new generation of writers and artists in Medellín, with a more modern style. Many writers criticised local and national culture. [[Manuel Mejía Vallejo]] established a new narrative style without abandoning his regional origins. It was also the time of [[Nadaism]], a literary movement founded by [[Gonzalo Arango]] and many others. Nadaism was openly anti-clerical, criticising traditional institutions of society, and was considered philosophically [[nihilism|nihilist]]. The painter [[Debora Arango]] entered the social and political arena of Colombia with her works. Another painter who made Medellín famous in art was [[Fernando Botero]], who found the inspiration for his work in the daily life and drama of the city. He donated most of his works to the [[Museum of Antioquia]], and the grateful city dedicated [[Botero Square]] to him. In the 1970s the artist [[Rodrigo Arenas|Rodrigo Arenas Betancur]] erected his monumental sculptures not only in Medellín but also in many other regions of Colombia. His famous work, the ''Monument to the Race'' in La Alpujarra Administrative Center, was homage to the [[Paisa]] culture.
Many cultural centers enrich the city, such as the Pablo Tobón Uribe Theatre (1967), the Modern Art Museum (1978), and the Metropolitan Theatre (1987). In 2000 the traditional Museum of Antioquia had a second official opening with many works of Fernando Botero. New universities also opened in the city: [[Medellín University]] (1950) and [[Universidad EAFIT|Eafit University]] (1960).
===
The American Geographical Society is currently working on a project to assemble a complete virtual bibliography of Comuna 13, one of the many barrios of Medellín.{{Fact|date=March 2009}}
===Today===
[[File:Biblioteca España(1)-Medellin.JPG|thumb|left|240px|The Spain Library, a huge modern piece of concrete architecure built at the top of one of the peaks of Medellín]]
The position of Medellín as the top industrial city in Colombia has been a main factor in overcoming its crisis of the 1980s and 1990s. The [[Metro de Medellín]], a massive urban transport service, became the pride of the city, and so far the only sign of the Medellín Master Plan of the 1950s. The construction of the [[Plaza Mayor of Medellín]], an international center for congresses and expositions, was designed to show the [[Globalization|globalized]] economy of Colombia to the world. Medellín is today a modern city with a population of three million.
The former violence also served the purpose of demolishing the high social barriers that were the basis of many social evils. The same Metro joined the whole city, from poor to rich districts, and a new system of public buses is being planned with the so-called "Metroplus." Today's Medellín includes spaces for art, poetry, drama, the construction of public libraries, the foundation of new ecological parks, and the inclusion of people of the city in its development.<ref>Nelson Alcantara: [http://www.decolombia.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=46&Itemid=35 Colombia’s Medellín: City transformed], February 23, 2008. De Colombia Net. Retrieved on May 7, 2008.</ref>{{clear}}
==Geography and climate==
[[File:HPIM0506.JPG|thumb|right|View of Medellín at night]]
Medellín has an area of 382 km² (237 square miles). It has 16 ''[[comuna]]s'' (districts), 5 ''[[corregimiento]]s'' (townships), and 271 ''[[barrio]]s''.
The [[metropolitan area]] of Medellín lies within the Aburrá valley at an elevation of 1,500 meters (about 4921 feet) and is bisected by the [[Medellín River]] (also called Porce), which flows northward. North of the valley are the towns of [[Bello, Antioquia|Bello]], [[Copacabana, Antioquia|Copacabana]], [[Girardota]] and [[Barbosa, Antioquia|Barbosa]]. To the south of the valley lie [[Itagüí]], [[Envigado]], [[Sabaneta, Antioquia|Sabaneta]], [[La Estrella]] and [[Caldas]].
Because Medellín is located at {{convert|5000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} above sea level, its climate is not as hot as other cities located at the same latitude near the equator. Because of its altitude above sea level and privileged location in the Andes Range, Medellín's weather is more characteristic of a [[Humid subtropical climate]] rather than that of a [[Tropical climate]]. The city's average annual temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), and because of its proximity to the equator, its temperature is constant year round, with minimal temperature variations. Temperatures range from 15 °C (52 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F). Because of the pleasant springlike climate all year, Medellín is known as 'La Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera' or 'City of the Eternal Spring'. However, as the city is located in a valley and many of its districts are on slopes, temperatures can be slightly cooler on the surrounding mountains.
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==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Comunas de Medellin.png|thumb|right|''Comunas''
[[File:Corregimientos de Medellin.png|thumb|right|''Corregimientos'' (
Medellín is a city governed by a [[republicanism|republican]] democratic system as stated in the [[Colombian Constitution of 1991]], with decentralized government. Administration is shared by the [[Mayor]] of Medellín and the Municipal Council, both elected by popular vote.
The city belongs to the Medellín Metropolitan Area, which is made up of ten municipalities. Medellín is divided into six zones and these are subdivided into 16 ''comunas'' (communes). The [[barrio]]s and urban institutional areas make up the communes. More than 249 barrios and five [[corregimiento|townships]] are part of the municipality of Medellín.
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{{wide image|medellin_panorama.jpg|1111px|Panorama}}
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Politics and law in Colombia are centralized; that is, most laws are agreed on and passed in the capital city of [[Bogotá]]. However, as a major city, Medellín also pulls its weight. The government of the City of Medellín is divided into [[executive]] and [[legislative]] branches. The Mayor of the City (Alcalde) is publicly elected for a term of four years (just like the President and the Governor of any other Department in Colombia).
==
Medellín was once known as the most violent city in the world. This terrible title was the result of an urban war set off by the drug cartels at the end of the 1980’s. As the home of the [[Medellín Cartel]], headed by the drug lord [[Pablo Escobar]], the city was the victim of the terror caused by the war between this organization and its enemies. However, after the death of Escobar, the crime rates in the city began to decrease. Throughout the 1990’s the crime rates remained relatively high, although gradually declining from the worst years. In October 2002 the Colombian president, [[Álvaro Uribe]], ordered the military to complete “Operation Orion,” whose objective was to disband the urban militias of the FARC and the AUC<ref>BBC. "Fuego cruzado en Medellín." 17 October 2002. BBCMundo.com. 3 May 2009 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_2337000/2337667.stm>.</ref>. Between 2003 and 2006 the demobilization of the remaining urban militias of the AUC was completed, with more than 3,000 armed men giving up their weapons<ref>Valencia, German Dario. "Balance del progrma de desmovilizacion." Marzo 2008. www.medellincomovamos.org. 3 May 2009 <http://www.medellincomovamos.org/como_vamos_en/descargas/Consulta%20a%20experto.%20Balance%20programa%20de%20desmovilizacion.pdf></ref>. The crime rate in Medellín has been significantly reduced. At this date, the crime rate in Medellín is relatively normal for a large city in Latin America.
==Economy==
[[File:Edificio Argos-Medellin.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Headquarters of Argos Company, the first cement industrial group of Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.argos.com.co/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLN4i3MPMASYGYxqb6kWhCjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAcrHMnA!!/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82XzBfQ0k!|title = Data on ''Cementos Argos''}}</ref>]]
The present-day economy of Medellín is one of the largest in Colombia and is led by a powerful group of people from the private sector known as the ''Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño'' (Antioquian Enterprises Group). It was formerly known as the ''Sindicato Antioqueño'' (Antioquian Union), but after being mistaken abroad for a labor union, which hampered its international growth for many years, a new formal name was chosen. It is represented by David Bojanini, head of Suramericana de Seguros (an insurance conglomerate); Carlos Piedrahita of the Compañía Nacional de Chocolates (food industry); José Alberto Velez of Cementos Argos (a multinational cement company); and Jorge Londoño, head of Bancolombia, NYSE (cib), (Colombia's largest bank). This group has an aggregate market capitalization of approximately US $17 billion dollars, and employs more than 80,000 Colombians.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.suleasing-intl.com/Colombia/ColGrupoSura.asp|title = Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño|publisher = suleasing-intl.com|accessdate = October 15, 2006}}</ref>
This group also participates in other sectors of the city industry and is an active trader in the Colombian stock exchange. Medellín serves as headquarters for many national and multinational companies.
The main economic products are [[steel]], [[textile]]s, [[confection]]s, food and [[beverage]], [[agriculture]] (from its rural area), [[public services]], chemical products and pharmaceuticals, refined [[oil]], and [[flower]]s.
[[Tourism]] has strongly developed in Medellín in recent years.
===Gross domestic product===
[[File:Edificio EPM-Fachada- Este-Medellin.JPG|right|thumb|150px|''Edificio Inteligente'' (The "Intelligent Tower")]]
According to [[Proexport Colombia]], the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) can be studied in two areas: Medellín as the [[Metropolitan Area of Medellín]] and Medellín itself. As a Metro Area, it contributes 67% of the total GDP of the State of Antioquia. The city of Medellín alone contributes 55% of the GDP of the state. The State of Antioquia itself is the second greatest economic region of Colombia. By 2005, Antioquia's GDP was more than USD 14,700, and it is the top exporting state in Colombia.<ref name="revista-semana-1329">Revista Semana (2007): «Ruta Empresarial», en Semana, vol. II, Edición especial, Nº 1329. p. 106.</ref> The Aburrá Valley is the top economy in the state and its GDP was USD 7,800 million.<ref name="ProExport16"/>
Medellín contributes 8% of the national GDP of Colombia. With the GDP of [[Valle del Cauca|Valle del Cauca State]], the total is 11%. Medellín is the second economic region in Colombia, after [[Bogotá]], in 2005.
The 2005 Report of the Economic Colombian Review of Proexport and the International Cooperation Agency of Medellín concluded that Medellín was at the same level of GDP contribution to the national economy as cities like [[Panama City|Panama]] in Panama, and [[San José de Costa Rica]]. The % GDP contribution of Medellín to the national economy was superior to cities like [[Monterrey]] in [[Mexico]] (6,47%); [[Cali]] in [[Colombia]] (6,26%) and [[Miami]] in [[United States|USA]] (0,58%).<ref name="ProExport16" />
{{clear}}
===Medellín Cluster===
[[File:CIC(5)-Medellin.JPG|thumb|200px|right|International Centre for Congresses and Expositions "Plaza Mayor" of Medellín, La Alpujarra area.]]
Medellín created the first Colombian [[business cluster]]. The city is the top exporting region of the country, with 1,750 export businesses based in Medellín.<ref name="revista-semana-1329" /> The Cluster was created with the support of the Chamber of Commerce of Medellín and the City Administration for an actual total of 21,000 companies that share 40% of total exports, 25% of the regional GDP, and 40% of Metro Area employment.<ref name="revista-semana-1329" /> The main economic activities of the Medellín Cluster (MC) are in [[electricity generation]], [[textile]], [[fashion design]], [[construction]], [[tourism]] and [[business]].<ref>Cámara de Comercio de Medellín. [http://www.camaramed.org.co/quees.html Comunidad Clusters].</ref> One current goal of the Medellín Cluster is to include health services, an important sector in the local economy.
===Tourism industry===
In the past decade, Medellín has become a destination for national and international tourism. The city has the infrastructure to supply the demands of a tourist industry at any level. As a trade and industrial center, its tourism tends to be based on business, congresses, international and national meetings, and health tourism, due to its world reputation in medicine and its modern health centers. Plaza Mayor was built for congresses and expositions with all the facilities of any international space of such kind. Several hotels are specialized in this kind of events, most of them with halls and meeting rooms for conventions, seminars, rooms with offices, translation services and many other facilities for business people. In health services, Medellín is a leader in [[plastic surgery]], [[organ transplant]]s, and health treatments related to [[cancer]] and [[Circulatory system pathology]].
The Aburrá Valley is a favourite place for photographers. High mountains surround the city like blue-green walls, and there are several parks. The [[Arví Regional Park]], a park of 11,241 hectares (ca 28,000 acres) in the Santa Elena Township, is one of the most visited. It is a place for camping, ecological scouting, and stunning views of the city. On many other surrounding hills there are tourist spots for scenery, restaurants, music and dance, shopping and ecology.
December is one of the best times to visit Medellín. The city is adorned with thousand of colorful lights and designs that attract national and international visitors.
Among the many Catholic churches in the city, the most visited are the Metropolitan Cathedral in the Bolívar Square (downtown), said to be the biggest brick-only sacred building in the world, 45 metres high, with an area of 5,000 metres square. Other old churches downtown include the Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Candelaria; the Veracruz Church—one of the oldest in the Aburrá Valley; the churches of Saint Ignatius, Saint Joseph, and Saint Anthony; and many others.
<gallery>
File:Quebrada Santa Elena-corregimiento.JPG|Santa Elena Creek
File:Pano Plazo Botero.jpg|Botero Square and the [[Museum of Antioquia]].
File:Christmas2004inMedellín.JPG|Christmas celebrations, [[Medellín River]], 2004
</gallery>
Medellín is also a city of museums, sculptures, and popular festivals such as the ''Feria de las Flores'' (Flower Festival), ''Desfile de Mitos y Leyendas'' (Myths and Legends Parade), International Festival of Poetry, the ''Feria Taurina'' (Bull Festival), and many others. There are also concerts, theatre, opera, parks, tourist areas and a very busy nightlife with the traditional ''rumba''.
==Urban development==
[[File:HPIM1184.JPG|thumb|right|Botero Square]]
There are signs of heavy urban development within the city of Medellín, particularly with the construction of new skyscrapers. Medellín is currently outpacing all other major Colombian cities, including Bogotá, the nation's capital and economic center, in the construction and proposed development of new high-rises. As of September 2008, there were 127 high-rises under construction in Medellín, including 25 being approved, and 17 being proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=101122|title = Skyscrapers of Medellín}}</ref>{{clear}}
==Education==
[[File:Plazuela CentralUdeA.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The Central Plaza in the [[University of Antioquia]]]]
Medellín is also home to over 30 universities that serve mainly the Antioquia State, the "Eje Cafetero" ([[Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis]]) region and the Caribbean Coast. Among the most important are the public universities [[Universidad de Antioquia]], [[Universidad Nacional de Colombia|Universidad Nacional]] and Politecnico Jaime Isaza Cadavid, and the private EAFIT University, Universidad de Medellín, [[Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana]], Universidad de San Buenaventura, [[Escuela de Ingenieria de Antioquia]], Universidad Santo Tomas, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA and CES. There are also important technological centers such as the Metropolitan Institute of Technology (ITM).
[[File:Biblioteca-EAFIT.JPG|This is the Library Universidad EAFIT|right|thumb|200px|The Library of Private EAFIT University.]]
During the last decade, the administration of the city has emphasized public education, building schools and libraries in poor quarters. Private schools and colleges have a long tradition in the city, many run by the [[Catholic Church]], private organizations, and foreign institutions. Among of them are the Columbus School, Theodoro Hertzl School, San Ignacio de Loyola School, Colegio Colombo Britanico, El Corazonista School, Marymount School, Montessori School, Gimnasio Los Pinares, Gimnasio Los Alcázares, San José De La Salle, Instituto Jorge Robledo, the [[Salesian]] Technical School [[Pedro Justo Berrío]], Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Colegio Cumbres and many others.
Many non-governmental organizations and official organizations support the development of children and youth from poor communities. [[Ciudad Don Bosco]] cares for [[street children]].<ref>[http://www.ciudaddonbosco.org Ciudad Don Bosco Medellín], a center for street children.</ref> The pacification of the city brought organizations to the poorest quarters to work with youth involved in urban violence, in order to improve their opportunities. Medellín universities, public and private, also played a role, along with official institutions both local and national.
==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2009}}
===Air transportation===
[[File:Aeropuerto Jose Maria Cordova-Exterior1.JPG|thumb|left|[[José María Córdova International Airport]]]]
[[File:Aeropuerto Olaya Herrera-Medellin.JPG|thumb|right|[[Olaya Herrera Airport]]]]
===Land
[[File:
Despite the variety of options, traffic in Medellín has become chaotic, as the number of vehicles has exceeded highway capacity; furthermore, pollution produced by diesel buses has become a major issue, notably in the center of the city and the southern district of El Poblado. The city has no space for the construction of new highways.
==Demography==
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===Birth
===
The [[ethnographic]] makeup of the city is:
* [[
* [[Mestizo]]
* [[Afro-
* [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Medellín received many immigrants from Spain, and some forced immigration from West Africa. Most Indigenous peoples died from the introduction of European diseases, and many of those who survived intermarried with early Spanish settlers, who were mostly men; later, Spanish women also began to immigrate. During the 19th century, immigrants arrived from Lebanon, Jordan, Germany, and Portugal. Many people from Medellín are referred to as [[Paisa Region|Paisas]], people of mainly Spanish ancestry, mixed with African and Indigenous blood. There is a small Afro-Colombian and Zambo-Colombian (people of Indigenous and African descent) population .
The [[Chocó Department]] is just west of Antioquia, and is home to many Afro-Colombian and Zambo-Colombian migrants to Medellín and its vicinity. Migration from the Colombian Caribbean coast has been important, especially that of young people who come to study in Medellín universities and remain to work in the city. The main foreign immigration is of [[Ecuador]]ians in informal trade.
==
[[File:Desfile de Silleteros2007-(30)Medellin.JPG|thumb|right|A traditional ''silleta''
The Paisa culture has a Spanish background, and is traditionally Catholic, entrepreneurial, hard-working, and famously hospitable. Paisas are said to speak softly and quickly, to smile easily, and to love [[Bullfighting|bullfights]], [[rodeo]], music, poetry, [[soccer]], bargaining in the markets, and parties. They are proud of their city. The Medellín weekend nightlife, in discos, pubs, parks, and certain dedicated streets, is traditionally called ''rumba''.<ref name="MattBrown">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Matthew|url=http://albeiror24.wordpress.com/2008/03/11/colombia-an-emerging-travel-destination/|title=Colombia: An Emerging Travel Destination|accessdate=2008-05-04}}</ref>
===Festivals and events===
[[File:Librarymed1.png|thumb|right|The Library of EPM, which is next to the Park of Lights.]]
===
Medellín'
* [http://www.maratonmedellin.com|International Half-marathon of Medellín]
* [http://www.maratonvalledeaburra.com|Aburrá Valley Marathon]
===Nicknames of the city===
Known as the "industrial capital of Colombia", Medellín is also called ''Ciudad de la Eterna Primavera'' (City of Everlasting Spring), ''Capital de la Montaña'' (Mountain Capital), ''Ciudad de las Flores'' (City of Flowers), ''"Capital de las Orquídeas"'' (Orchid Capital), ''La Bella Villa'' (the Beautiful Town), ''Tacita de Plata'' (Little Silver Cup), and ''Medallo'' (a nickname).
==Sister cities==
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257217612_2,00.html|title= Acuerdos de colaboración según la web del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona|accessdate= April 21, 2008}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Bilbao]], [[Spain]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá|Bogotá D.C]], [[Colombia]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Lauderdale]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/Americas|title= Sister cities|publisher= Online directory: the Americas (the member directory for sister cities in the Americas|accessdate= April 2, 2008}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]], [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami]], [[United States of America]].
* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Tacuarembó]], [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/herramientas/printfriendly/printfriendly.asp?nota_id=580269|title = Hermandad entre ciudades|publisher = La Nación,|date = March 14, 2004}}</ref><ref>[http://www.radiogardel.com/html/tacuarembo2.html Gardel en Tacuarembó], Radio Gardel</ref>
==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
Image:Iglesia_de Nuestra_Iglesia_de_la_Candelaria-Mede.JPG|
Image:Plazuela_San_Ignacio-Medellin-Colombia.JPG|
Image:Estacion_del_Ferrocarril -Medellin.JPG|
Image:UNAL-Bloque M5-Facultad de Minas-Medellin.JPG|
Image:La Raza
Image:Biblioteca España(1)-Medellin.JPG|
Image:La Alpujarra-Medellin.JPG|La Alpujarra
Image:Centro de Medellin- Colombia.JPG|
Image:Btca epm.JPG|
Image:Biblioteca Publica Piloto-ArchivoFotografico.JPG|
Image:Biblioteca Leon de Greiff-Exterior4-Medellin.JPG|
Image:Cerro Nutibara-Navidad 2006-Medellin(1).JPG|
Image:Plaza Cisneros-BosqueColumnas-Medellin.JPG|
Image:Museoelcastillo1.jpg|
Image:Teatro Metropolitano de Medellín.JPG|
Image:Christmas2004inMedellín.JPG|
</gallery></center>
==
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{{
==External links==
{{commons|Medellín}}
* {{Wikitravel}}
* [http://www.medellin.gov.co/ The city's official government webpage in Spanish] {{es}}
* [http://www.metrodemedellin.org.co Metro] {{es}}
* [http://www.lovemedellin.com Medellín Culture] {{en}}
* [http://www.medellintraveler.com/ The Transformation of Medellin] {{en}}
* [http://www.themedellinmap.com/ Map of Medellin] {{en}}
* [http://www.rightlivelihood.org/recip/2006/festival.htm 2006 Right Livelihood Award winner La Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín]
* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/69552 Colombia’s City On A Hill, Newsweek]
* [http://www.ffwdweekly.com/article/life-style/travel/paramilitaries-and-rebels-in-rehab-4005/ Paramilitaries and Rebels in Rehab] by Ashifa Kassam, ''Fast Forward Weekly'', June 25 2009
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/user/Yann333/video/xa59d9_le-metro-de-medellin-colombie_travel the metro of Medellin (video)]
{{Department of Antioquia}}
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[[Category:Municipalities of Antioquia]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in the Antioquia Department]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Area of Medellín]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1616]]
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